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Showing posts with label paraphrasing and summarizing. Show all posts
Showing posts with label paraphrasing and summarizing. Show all posts

Lyrik Mars Korsad Pandu Keadilan

Assalamualaikum...
Pagi ini saya coba berbagi lirik mars korsad pandu keadilan, yang digubah oleh Izzis.

Menapaki langkah-langkah berduri
Menyusuri rawa lembah dan hutan
Berjalan di antara tebing curam
Semua dilalui demi perjuangan

Letih tubuh di dalam perjalanan
Saat hujan dan badai merasuk di badan
Namun jiwa harus terus berjalan
Karna perjalanan masih panjang

Kami adalah tentara Allah
Siap melangkah menuju ke medan juang
Walau tertatih kaki ini berjalan
Jiwa perindu syahid tak akan tergoyahkan

Wahai tentara Allah bertahanlah
Jangan menangis walau jasadmu terluka
Sebelum engkau bergelar syuhada
Tetaplah bertahan dan BERSIAP SIAGALAH !
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Pengertian Blog serta Browsing


Artikel ini mengulas tentang Blog dan Browsing

PENGERTIAN BLOG
Blog adalah kependekan dari Weblog, istilah yang pertama kali digunakan oleh Jorn Barger pada bulan Desember 1997. Jorn Barger menggunakan istilah Weblog untuk menyebut kelompok website pribadi yang selalu diupdate secara kontinyu dan berisi link-link ke website lain yang mereka anggap menarik disertai dengan komentar-komentar mereka sendiri. Situs wikipedia.com menerangkan bahwa Blog merupakan singkatan dari web log adalah bentuk aplikasi web yang menyerupai tulisan-tulisan (yang dimuat sebagai posting) pada sebuah halaman web umum. Tulisan-tulisan ini seringkali dimuat dalam urut terbalik (isi terbaru dahulu baru kemudian diikuti isi yang lebih lama), meskipun tidak selamanya demikian. Situs web seperti ini biasanya dapat diakses oleh semua pengguna Internet sesuai dengan topik dan tujuan dari si pengguna blog tersebut.
Secara garis besar, Weblog dapat dirangkum sebagai kumpulan website pribadi yang memungkinkan para pembuatnya menampilkan berbagai jenis isi pada web dengan mudah, seperti karya tulis, kumpulan link internet, dokumen-dokumen(file-file WOrd,PDF,dll), gambar ataupun multimedia.
Para pembuat blog dinamakan Blogger. Melalui Blognya, kepribadian Blogger menjadi mudah dikenali berdasarkan topik apa yang disukai, apa tanggapan terhadap link-link yang di pilih dan isu-isu didalamnya. Oleh karena itu Blog bersifat sangat personal.
Perkembangan lain dari Blog yaitu ketika Blog memuat tulisan tentang apa yang seorang Blogger pikirkan, rasakan, hingga apa yang dia lakukan sehari-hari. Blog kemudian juga menjadi Diary Online yang berada di Internet. Satu-satunya hal yang membedakan Blog dari Diary atau Jurnal yang biasa kita miliki adalah bahwa Blog dibuat untuk dibaca orang lain. 
Browsing
Browsing di internet mungkin sudah menjadi makanan pokok untuk era modern seperi sekarang ini, dari pelajar mahasiswa maupun para pekerja ataupun karyawan, pasti pernah browsing melalui media internet. kali ini saya akan mencoba menguraikan pengertian browsing dan manfaatnya.
Pengertian browsing menurut beberapa sumber adalah
- Browsing adalah Berselancar untuk menjelajahi informasi yang ada di internet. Berselancar ini bisa dilakukan dengan sebuah program yang disebut browser, software untuk berselancar.

Browsing dapat juga diartikan seni pencarian informasi melalui system operasi yang berbasis hypertext, misalnya membaca berita, mencari istilah dll.
Browsing adalah menjelajah dunia maya atau internet untuk mencari sesuatu yg bermanfaat membaca berita secara online itu juga salah satu browsing.
Kata lain dari browsing adalah surfing Jadi, browsing berbeda dengan download, chat, kirim email maupun ngeblog (istilah untuk ngeblog= blogging). Di atas adalah pengertian browsing sdangkan manfaatnya adalah:
Browsing bermanfaat untuk Menambah pengetahuan dan memperluas wawasan
Browsing untuk Belajar online
Browsing untuk mencari file yang akan kita download
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RELIABILITY


The two most important terms in educational measurement in general and writing assessment in particular have remained reliability and validity. Educational measurement as a field is about as old as writing assessment itself. As writing assessment began in the late nineteenth century and culminated with the establishment of the CEEB at the turn of the century, educational measurement began in the late nineteenth century with studies on human physical and mental properties exemplified by Wundt’s perceptual laboratory in Leipzig which produced physical data related to human behavior, such as how long it took a person to react to physical stimuli or how the eye moved when reading. At the turn of the century, laws were passed that mandated that all children attend school for a period of time. One of the results of these laws for mandatory universal education was a flurry of activity in mental testing supported by the, then, recent laws requiring all children to attend some type of school for a minimum period of time. Existing schools were stretched with a population of students they did not know how to teach:
One consequence of the new laws in the United States was to bring into the schools for the first time large numbers of children whose parents did not have an education or were not native English speakers. . . . The new waves of pupils were exposed to curricula and academic standards that had been developed for a more select group of students, so the rate of failure rose dramatically, sometimes reaching 50 percent. (Thorndike 1997, 4)
In addition to mandatory universal education, the entry of the United States into World War I less than two decades later created a need to sort the millions of men necessary to fight the war, and standardized testing was used to meet this need. The combination of the interest of a great many researchers in the, then, fledgling field of psychology and the need for an effective form of classification in the schools and military created a great deal of energy and activity that resulted in the creation of the field of intelligence testing and the test development industry. As we all understand in the year 2009, the standardized test has become the tool not only for intelligence testing but for a wide range of achievement and aptitude assessments used to make high-stakes decisions about students and others. At times, testing seems like some grand illusion in the face of evidence that scores on writing tests can be predicted by how much students write (Perlman). We believe testing has never been able to muster enough evidence to warrant its use in making important decisions about students, programs, and institutions.
From the beginnings of both educational and psychological measurement in general and writing assessment in particular, reliability—or consistency— has been seen as a key issue. In the late 1890s, Charles Spearman devised the mathematical formula for correlations. This formula was important because it allowed test developers to draft various forms of the same test and to make sure the results were mathematically similar. As well, the statistical formula for correlations helped researchers and test developers know what measures produced similar results. In writing assessment, this formula was important because it helped to document in early studies, such as that reported by Daniel Starch and Edward Elliot (1912), that teachers could not agree on grades for the same papers.
Because of the need for independent judges to read and judge writing, reliability has remained one of the most crucial aspects for writing assessment: “Reliability refers to how consistently a test measures whatever it measures” (Cherry and Meyer 1993, 110). This definition assumes a difference between instrument reliability—the consistency of the overall scores, usually measured by what scores the same test-takers received in multiple uses of the same test—from interrater reliability, which is the consistency of independent scorers who read and score student writing or other performances. 
Although reliability is regularly expressed in numerical coefficients, this was not always the case. It was not until after World War I that reliability appeared in statistical and mathematical expressions and formulas. During World War I, Carl Brigham, Robert Yerkes, Louis Terman, and others worked on testing and classifying millions of soldiers for the US Armed Forces (Elliot 2005). The development of the Army Alpha test, along with its database of millions of test scores, spawned the publication of thirteen other examinations in the 1920s and ’30s, including the SAT (Wasserman and Tulsky 2005). Testers became more adept at understanding and applying the technologies that test the greatest numbers in the shortest time for as little expense as possible (Madaus 1994).
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Descriptive Text

What is a descriptive text? I think it is important to recall before we go further about this example of descriptive text. The way descriptive text composed is similar to report text. Both try more to show less than tell. However descriptive text tends to specify the described object while report text will describe the object in general. The goal of the descriptive text is transferring the experience of the writers. The experience can be what they see, read, or feel. Descriptive text commonly tries to reveal the image of certain person, place, animal, or thing. Bellow is the best example of descriptive text I find. Its social function is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.
1.    The structure of descriptive text is divided into two parts:
a.    Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
b.    Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.
2.    The language features of descriptive text commonly use:
a.    Attributive and identifying process.
b.    Adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
c.    Simple present tense

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Reading - Writing - Language

  Students can be consolidated knowledge of the language, language skills can get training, learning motivation can be maintained, the enthusiasm of English and interest can be stable, with students reading a large extent are closely linked.

First, to consolidate the learning by reading the words, or even expand your vocabulary.
Mitsuo Okazaki of Japan on the word memory test showed that: after the English words to remember, if you do not review every day can keep 90%, 60% can be maintained every day, every 4-7 days then forget about 60% -70%, every three weeks only a vague impression. This shows that our students will need in the after-school memories repeatedly learned the language of knowledge. but most teachers will have their students memorize words mechanically, as no alternative junior high school students with no Experience but to follow suit. In this way, students must feel dull, the effect is certainly not ideal, in which the mentality of repression under the memory, the passage of time can not stick to it. But what they have learned to consolidate the vocabulary for it, not only did not increase vocabulary, however, reduced. I learn every lesson the students about a dozen new words to ask them first wife in the textbook book on student counseling, that is <> to find the corresponding interesting story or dialogue to read, sometimes I'm in the press magazine, some of them used colorful, illustrated, innovative, and strong sense of the times, the difficulty level is quite learned with the corresponding short happy to read them; or some of their code corresponding to their dialogue, short for their reading . dialogue, short practice after the contents of what they have learned as much as possible with the relevant vocabulary.
Second, reading proficiency is not only familiar and common sentence patterns learned
Students want to learn English vocabulary is important, but remember that isolated words alone are not enough proficiency in English sentence or not, a direct impact on English learning. In the existing textbooks, the students used to grasp sentence Structure of the reproduction rate of less than a sentence memory requirements of the law, that the sentence structure of the sentence first appeared in this module, and some may have to repeat it again several modules. In addition, class size too much, there are many in the classroom counseling students are not in place, especially in rural middle school students. But there are a considerable number of students in the classroom there is no clear, so that there are many students learned sentence structure is often unfamiliar, perception is poor, resulting in the brain than long stay in the decoding process, the delay can not read the statement, so in English teaching, I often encounter this situation: students learn English for a few years later, although a certain vocabulary, but also by teachers step the text translated into Chinese, or not knowing Italian; many students will recognize and read the text, but rather on the degree of difficulty with the text of reading material, you can not read or read very slowly; a lot of students can be mechanically to recite a lot of sentence patterns and grammatical rules, but not flexibility. For these situations, some of the students completion of each sentence, I rule under the memory to provide students with the sentence structure of the sentence and the degree of difficulty quite short texts, to read the dialogue. These essays, dialogue, practice as much as possible the design around the characteristics of the relevant sentence structure is important to learn English in the ring.

Third, the reading will improve their writing skills essential
English can not do without writing. Writing can not only consolidate the knowledge of the language is also an important means of communication. At present, English teaching writing has been the weakest link, is where students find most difficult. In the current junior high school students assignments in general reflect the problems are: vocabulary, too, would like to express a sense of the word is used to write to, semantic coherence is not natural; statement is not fluent; Chinese English abound and so on. how to improve their writing ability? How should we view the performance of junior secondary students in writing out these problems? recover its roots, that is, too few students vocabulary, sentence patterns are not familiar with, not to use, the lack of writing skills and language convergence.
How to solve these problems? Adhere to train a large number of reading writing thinking, effective way to improve writing skills. Words can not only expand the amount of reading, to consolidate learning vocabulary, know the common patterns required to master, and can learn a lot of writing is often used the interface language, idioms, sentence patterns to express their views. students have basic knowledge of the writing, writing would be handy, there are patterns to mimic the writing of the sentence to comply with the expressions in English, you can write a coherent language and structural integrity, the statement clear and coherent essay. see, read but also improve the ability of middle school students writing one of the most effective way.
Four reading problems
1. Vocabulary inadequate. Practice shows that the reading comprehension ability of students limited vocabulary, vocabulary, large, new words encountered in reading less, the speed to fast, to understand the correct rate will be high, small vocabulary is, and vice versa Of course, some look familiar but do not know the exact meaning of the word or phrase, will create obstacles to reading comprehension, while the junior high school students master the vocabulary itself is limited, if not pay attention to the accumulation of normal, in reading will increase the difficulty. In teaching students, I found that although the basis of certain words, but they derived word or part of speech in the face of change will feel strange word, so difficult to read, which students in the reading process would easily lead to frustration sense of making the students lose interest in reading or lose confidence, thereby creating a negative cycle.
2. Grammatical knowledge is not solid. In reading, students in case of a long, difficult sentences, often not properly identified and analyzed, resulting in failure to understand. For example, reading materials used in some places in the parenthesis, in some places is sentence, which makes the complex sentence structure, while the grammar is always difficult to break through the students, the difficulty for students to feel a headache, if a material difficulties in the emergence of a number grammar, students will find this article too difficult, can not understand and lose confidence.
Fifth, stimulating interest in learning to read, and enhance the confidence of students to learn English
About the students interest in learning English, they will naturally think of the children began to learn English, their strong curiosity, interest in learning English is very strong, but emotionally unstable, unclear learning objectives, interest in learning English is not easy preserved. The interest of middle school students learning English are many factors, including vocabulary, sentence structure and common sense, reading ability is of interest in learning English an important factor. read through perseverance can solve these problems, because reading to consolidate and expand the vocabulary, sentence structure and meaning of familiar common can broaden their knowledge. long-term reading can develop good reading habits, improve reading speed, winning learning time, reduce the pressure of study, students do not think English is difficult Science. Every time they read a sentence or an article or a conversation, they have a sense of accomplishment, they really do not know how happy they want to learn English will be full of confidence. At the same time, some reading passages rich content, humor , close to the student's real life, fun; some knowledge of a wide coverage, wide range of topics, genres and diverse, plain text, language easy to understand, illustrated, but also the learning methods and techniques, etc., help to enhance the participation of students awareness, improve their ability to actually use the language; some basic synchronization and junior high school textbooks, teaching materials help to complement and extend and deepen the students understanding and mastery of teaching materials.
In conclusion, do a good job reading training, especially in junior high school reading entry phase of training, not only helps to develop good reading habits, consolidate or even master the junior common sentence patterns, and expand vocabulary and knowledge, but also expand the horizons enrich school life, to learn modern English; but also to stimulate students interest in learning English, and enhance their motivation and confidence to learn English, understand the meaning and value of learning English, to experience the fun of learning English, so boring school life becomes colorful; for a wide range of reading can also improve the effectiveness of teaching. in large part to reduce the pressure on students to learn English, English teaching reform in promoting a great Research value.

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Teaching Strategy

Matching teaching methods to course objectives is an essential, good teaching practice. Preparing your course has parallels to preparing your research.  You wouldn’t choose a research method without first knowing your research questions; you should treat choosing your teaching strategy with the same mindset.

Here is the teaching/research analogy:

Research
Teaching
Questions, Aims
Course objectives
Research Methodology
Teaching methods
Data Analysis
Student assessment
Faculty assessment

Here is an example of matching your teaching methods to your course objectives:

Objective
Possible Teaching Methods
Recalling, recognizing facts
Lecture
Applying facts
Active learning techniques
Lecture with case study
Lecture with lab
Lecture with discussions
Creating new information from old
Evaluating someone else’s information
Active learning techniques


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WRITING RESEARCH OUTLINE/SYNOPSIS

Titling the Research Outline
Title of a research outline is very important. All of researchers must be able to determining a title that will be the first thing that will be read by reader. Actually, before determining the title of our research outline we must determine the problem first. The problem must relate with our major field study, so as English students we should focus on our major field study only. Finally we can say that the title of our research outline is depending on the problem that we have investigated.
Background
Background is the basic of all types of academic writing such as article, papers or report. In the background we should provide theories that support our research later. Generally background must explain about any basic elements:
1. Background should be begun with introduction to the problem that you concern. We also need to write down some theories that support our investigation
2. Background should contain and explain about the reality
3. Background must be ended by the description of significant of the research conducted.
Defining the Term
We should explain or definite the terms that we use in our research. Actually the terms that we should definite are the key term only. In defining the terms we must use the relevant dictionary with our research such as the Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics.
Setting of the Problem
Problem is an asymmetry of theory and practice. In this part we must be able to make a simple problem become look like a serious problem.
Identification of the Problem
To display the specific problem in our research we must identify the problem first. This part is aimed to find out the specific problem in our research. The identification of the problem can be stated in interrogative or affirmative form, but remember that we must consistent with the form.
Limitation of the Problem
Limitation problem is very important in a research paper. A researcher cannot investigate all of the problems that have been identified in the identification of the problem because of his weaknesses, so researcher needs to limit the problem that will be conducted in our research.
Formulation of the Problem
The problem that will we formulate is about our research question, where the goals of our research is to answer these research questions.
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Paraphrasing and summarizing

Martos Alfitri
10714000764
Paraphrasing and summarizing
There are two important skills that should be acquired by people who write a research paper. Something that makes paraphrasing and summarizing are difficult to do is the rule that writers must restate the others’ ideas by using different words and phrasing but keeping the same meaning. Actually, paraphrasing is different with summarizing. Paraphrasing is restatement of a text or passages by using other words, but summarizing is expression of the most important ideas only in a longer paragraph, a chapter of book. Although they are different each other, both paraphrasing and summarizing must be shown that the ideas is someone’s.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrase is expression someone else’s ideas in our own word in a sentences or paragraph. In paraphrasing, we must keep the same meaning but we may not use the same words, phrases and the sentences’ structure with the authors’ idea. As Reid (1988) says paraphrase is the restatement of the authors’ ideas by using other words in the same meaning.
We do not need to quote the sentences in paraphrase statement but we only need to write the authors’ name and the page number. So, we must acquire how to appreciate the authors’ ideas correctly and never say another’s’ idea is yours.
There are a lot of useful of paraphrasing, such as when reading reference sources of information, when dealing with exact materials and stylistically complex.
Some suggestions in paraphrasing:
1. Read the original passage until you understand its full meaning.
2. Reread the text and focus on the text meaning
3. Begin paraphrasing sentence by sentence.
4. You can paraphrase the original sentence by using the synonym or your own understanding.
5. You may look up a dictionary to know the meaning of the word.
6. You may add the additional information in your paraphrasing
7. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form.
Summarizing
Summarizing is putting down the main ideas of someone else’s work in our own words without giving the details of the sources that we summarize. A summary is always shorter than the original since the idea is to include only the main points of the original work.
Suggestions in summarizing
McWhorter (1992) says summary as a restatement of the most important points of someone ideas in a passage. A summary differs from a paraphrase in that a paraphrase is usually about the same length as the original while a summary is shorter than the original passage. In writing a summary, you shorten the original passage by picking out and restating the main points. A summary allows you to get down to the main ideas of the source, condensing them into a few important statements. Summarize is very useful especially for students in doing their assignments. In order to success in summarizing we can follow the following steps:
1. Read the sources text and try to see what the text tells you about before writing.
2. Focus on the points of the text
3. Recheck your underlining and make sure that no repetition.
4. Write the points of the text into some sentences.
5. Make sure you are restating the main ideas in your own words. Don’t use too many words directly from the original passage.
6. Recheck your summary.
Taken from Mister Syafi’i S, M.Pd
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